19届英语考研3（1 / 2）

Text 3

Ameri farmers have been pining of bor shes for several years. The pints are uo stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.

多年来，美国农场主一直在抱怨劳动力短缺。如果不对农场工人的移民条例进行改革，这些抱怨就不大可能停止。

gress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa fricultural workers that would let fn workers stay longer in the U.S. and ge jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t ge, Ameri businesses, unities, and ers will be the losers.

种种可以为农业工人创设一种更简易签证的努力都遭到了美国国会的阻挠，这种签证允许外籍工人在美国停留更长时间以及在本行业内更换工作。如果这一情况不改变，美国企业、社会各界和消费者都将蒙受损失。

Perhaps half of U.S. farm borers are undoted immigrants. As fewer such workers ehe try, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are ging. Today’s farm borers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than sihey’re also aging. At the start of this tury, about ohird of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And pig crops is hard on older bodies. O-debated cure for this bor she remains as impusible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.

美国的农场工人中可能有一半是非法移民。随着来到美国的此类工人越来越少，美国农业劳动力的特征正在发生变化。如今美国的农场工人虽仍然大多出生于墨西哥，但他们更有可能定居美国而非移居；而且更有可能是已婚而非单身。他们也正在变老。本世纪初，大约三分之一的农作物工人年龄在35岁以上。而现在这个数字超过了一半。而且采收作物对年老的人来说很困难。针对这种劳动力短缺问题，一个经常被讨论的解决方案依旧一如既往地难以实现：因为美国本土工人不会再回到农场。

Meization isn’t the answer, either – not yet, at least. Produ of , cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been rgely meized, but many high-value, bor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need bor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.

机械化也解决不了这一问题——至少现在还不能。玉米、棉花、水稻、大豆和小麦的生产已经基本实现机械化，但很多高价值的劳动密集型农作物，例如草莓，仍需要劳动力。即使是机器人承担一小部分挤奶工作的奶牛场，在实现自动化之前还有很长的路要走。

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on tempuest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.

因此，美国的农场越来越依赖那些使用H-2A签证的临时外籍工人来填补劳动力的缺口。大约从2012年开始，申请此类签证的人数急剧上升；从2011年到2016年，签发的签证数量增加了一倍多。

The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, uhe H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers pin they aren’t given all the workers they he process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic deys led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days te. The she is pounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.

不像每年的(签发量)上限为6.6万个的H-2B 非农业工作签证，H-2A签证没有数量上限。即便如此，雇主们还是抱怨，他们的工人仍然不够。(H-2A签证的)申请流程烦琐、昂贵且并不可靠。一项调查发现，官僚主义的拖延使得使用H-2A 签证的工人平均晚到岗22天。联邦政府对移民的突击检查使一些工人被驱逐出境，另一些则被迫变成非法工人，这也加剧了劳动力短缺。

In a 2012 survey, 71 pert of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 pert of raisin and berry growers said they were short of bor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 pert of the fruit Ameris ed was imported. Little more than a decade ter, the share of imports was 25.8 pert.

在2012年的一项调查中，71%的果树种植户和近80%的葡萄干生产者和浆果种植户称他们缺少劳动力。为应对这一问题，一些西部农场主已经将业务转移到了墨西哥。从 1998 年到2000年，美国人食用的水果中有14.5%是进口的。仅仅十年后，进口(水果)所占比例达到了25.8%。

In effect, the U.S. import food or it import the workers who pick it.

实际上，美国可以进口食品，或者可以引进采摘食品的工人。

31 roblem should be addressed acc to the first ths?

根据文章前两段，什么问题应予解决？

A. Discrimination against fn workers in the U.S.

美国对外籍工人的歧视

B. Biased ws in favor of some Ameri businesses.

偏袒某些美国企业的法律

C. Fws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.

美国农场工人移民条例的缺陷

D. Dee of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.

美国农业就业机会的减少

32. Orouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is_____ .

美国农业劳动力存在的一个问题是_____

A. the rising number of illegal immigrants

非法移民数量的增加

B. the high mobility of crop workers

农作物工人的高流动性

C. the ck of experienced borers